LYME BORRELIOSIS IN NEUROOTOLOGICAL PATIENTS AND THE PREVALENCE OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI S.L. IN URBAN IXODES RICINUS TICKS
Door: Miikka Peltoman
1999
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do ... 1&type=pdfIn 1883, the German Alfred Buchwald described a case of long-lasting “diffuse idiopathic skin atrophy” (Buchwald 1883). More than 20 case reports of similar observations were published during the next 20 years, until Herxheimer and Hartman, in 1902, introduced the term acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) for this late manifestation of LB (Herxheimer et al. 1902). The expanding rash around the site of a tick bite was first described in Sweden in 1909 (Afzelius 1910). The symptom was then called erythema chronicum migrans, nowadays known as erythema migrans (EM). The association between EM after a tick bite and radiculoneuritis with meningitis was first reported in France in 1922 (Garin et al. 1922). Subsequent publications reported a patient with meningoencephalitis after EM (Hellerström 1930) and 15 patients with “a chronic lymphocytic meningitis with cerebral symptoms” (Bannwarth 1941).
Already at that time Afzelius speculated that EM could be infective and produced by either a virus transmitted by ticks or a toxic agent
contaminating the ticks. In their conclusion Garin and Bujadoux stated that “a virus (probably a spirochete)“ may be the etiologic factor of the neurologic symptoms appearing after a tick bite (Garin et al. 1922). In 1923 Lipschütz, a dermatologist from Vienna, stated (Lipschütz 1923) that “...attention should be directed towards microscopic/bacteriologic investigations of intestinal tract and salivary gland secretions of the tick.“ - Nobody followed his proposal.
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In Europe and North America 18 and 19 different tick species, respectively, are able to transmit B. burgdorferi, (Lise Gern, personal communication).
Op blz 19 en 20 staat meer informatie over de PCR en de LTT